Ethical Considerations Regarding the Use of AI in Higher Education

Ethical Considerations Regarding the Use of AI in Higher Education

Artificial Intelligence (AI) represents a remarkable advancement in technology with the potential to significantly benefit higher education. AI tools, such as ChatGPT, can support educators and enhance student learning experiences by automating administrative tasks, providing personalized learning pathways, and facilitating access to a vast array of information. However, while the benefits of AI are numerous, there is increasing concern within academic circles about its ethical implications and the challenges it presents to traditional educational paradigms in business and engineering education.

If you’re a college student preparing for life in an A.I. world, you need to ask yourself: Which classes will give me the skills that machines will not replicate, making me more distinctly human? New York Times

Recent studies, including the work by Sullivan, Kelly, and Mclaughlan (2023), highlight these concerns in detail. Their research underscores significant issues related to academic integrity and student learning outcomes with the advent of generative AI tools like ChatGPT. They note that while these tools can aid learning, they also present substantial risks, particularly in terms of undermining the learning process and compromising the integrity of academic work.

Key Concerns Raised

The integration of AI tools like ChatGPT into higher education has brought about several significant concerns, primarily revolving around academic integrity, the quality of student learning, and broader ethical implications.

1. Academic Integrity Concerns:

One of the most pressing issues is the potential for AI to facilitate academic dishonesty. AI tools can generate essays, solve problems, and create presentations, often indistinguishable from student-generated work. This ease of use can lead students to rely on AI to complete their assignments, effectively bypassing the learning process. According to Sullivan, Kelly, and Mclaughlan (2023), there has been a noticeable increase in students submitting work produced by ChatGPT, yet these students struggle with verbal discussions or critical analyses of the same topics. This phenomenon undermines the authenticity of academic assessments and devalues educational qualifications.

2. Impact on Learning Outcomes:

AI’s ability to generate content quickly and accurately poses a threat to the learning process itself. As noted in Sullivan et al.’s study, there is a critical link between the act of writing and learning (Goodman, 2023). The cognitive effort involved in structuring an argument, synthesizing information, and reflecting on content is essential for deep learning. When students use AI to circumvent these processes, they miss out on the development of critical thinking and analytical skills. The concern here is that AI can make learning too easy, removing the struggle that is often necessary for true understanding and mastery of complex subjects (AI writing tools garner concern about academic integrity, education from faculty, 2023).

“The potential benefits of artificial intelligence are huge, so are the dangers.” (Dave Waters)

3. Quality and Reliability of AI-Generated Content:

Another significant concern is the quality and reliability of the output generated by AI tools. ChatGPT and similar AI systems can produce text that appears plausible but can contain factual inaccuracies, logical fallacies, and a lack of nuanced understanding (Chatbots ‘spell end to lessons at home’, 2023). Additionally, AI lacks the ability to form genuine opinions, think creatively, or critically evaluate its own outputs. These limitations can lead to students presenting erroneous information and can hinder the development of their critical evaluation skills.

4. Equity and Accessibility Issues:

The ethical implications of AI use extend to equity and accessibility. Not all students have equal access to advanced AI tools, potentially exacerbating existing inequalities in education. Students from disadvantaged backgrounds may not be able to afford the technology or may lack the necessary digital literacy to use it effectively. This creates a divide where some students can leverage AI to enhance their academic performance, while others are left behind.

5. Data Privacy and Security:

AI tools often require access to vast amounts of data, raising concerns about the privacy and security of student information. There is a risk that sensitive data could be mishandled or exposed, leading to potential breaches of privacy and trust (The Promise and Peril of ChatGPT in Higher Education, Park & Ahn, 2024).

6. Reduced Critical Thinking and Engagement:

The use of AI can lead to a passive learning experience where students become overly reliant on technology. This reliance can diminish opportunities for active learning, critical thinking, and problem-solving – skills that are crucial for academic and professional success. According to Rasul et al. (2024), the passive nature of AI-assisted learning contradicts the principles of constructivist learning theory, which emphasizes the importance of active engagement and social interactions in the learning process.

7. Inadequate Assessment of Learning Outcomes:

AI-generated content makes it difficult for educators to assess students’ true understanding and skills accurately. Traditional assessment methods, such as essays and take-home assignments, are easily completed with AI assistance, making it challenging to gauge a student’s actual learning progress. This issue calls for a reevaluation of assessment strategies to ensure they effectively measure student learning outcomes in an AI-enhanced educational environment.

8. Technological and Psychological Challenges:

Technological solutions to detect AI-generated content are still evolving and are not foolproof. False positives can lead to unwarranted accusations of academic dishonesty, causing psychological stress and potentially damaging student reputations (The Promise and Peril of ChatGPT in Higher Education, Park & Ahn, 2024). Additionally, as AI technology advances, detection systems must continuously adapt, posing a persistent challenge for educational institutions.

I believe that the future of AI in education encompasses three essential areas: AI literacy, AI policy, and AI misconduct, or ’AI-giarism.” Professor Chan

Given these multifaceted challenges, it is imperative to explore both traditional and innovative strategies to mitigate the negative impacts of AI while harnessing its benefits.

Routes for Addressing These Challenges

Old-School Methods

I’m not a fan of these methods, but lecturers are increasingly holding on to them in the age of AI. They’re effective, but often very time-consuming and increasingly less effective as AI continuous to become more accessible.

  1. Reinforcing Traditional Assessments: Maintaining some traditional forms of assessment, such as invigilated exams, can help ensure that students engage with the material directly. However, reliance solely on these methods can stifle innovation and adaptability in education.
  2. Handwritten Assignments: Encouraging handwritten work can reduce the opportunity for AI misuse. Yet, this approach may not fully capture the interactive and digital nature of modern education.

New-School Methods

  1. AI-Resistant Assessments: Developing assessment types that are difficult for AI to handle is a promising approach. This includes oral presentations, podcasts, laboratory activities, group projects, and specific assignment prompts that require critical thinking and creativity beyond the capabilities of current AI.
  2. Game-Based Learning: Research by Sánchez-Ruiz et al. (2023) shows that serious games and simulation for higher education are hard for AI to effectively participate in due to the complexity of understanding game algorithms and dynamic scenarios. These games not only make learning engaging but also ensure that students actively apply their knowledge and skills in a way that AI cannot replicate.
  3. Flipped Classroom Models: This approach involves students engaging with lecture material at home through digital platforms and using classroom time for interactive, hands-on activities. Research by Sánchez-Ruiz et al. (2023) shows that flipped classrooms and other blended learning methodologies significantly reduce the effectiveness of AI tools in completing assignments, as these require active participation and critical engagement from students.
  4. Integrated AI Use: Embracing AI as a tool within the learning process rather than banning it can also be beneficial. By teaching students how to use AI responsibly and integrating it into the curriculum, educators can prepare students for a future where AI will be an integral part of their professional lives. This includes developing digital literacy and critical evaluation skills to assess AI-generated content.

“The learners are in charge, the AI is there to work with the educators to support students to be the best learner they can be. Human educators are a much sought-after resource in this vision, because everybody will need to learn throughout their lives.” Rose Luckin

Conclusion

The introduction of AI in higher education is a double-edged sword, offering both significant advantages and substantial challenges. While traditional methods can provide short-term solutions to maintain academic integrity, it is the innovative, new-school approaches that hold the potential to transform education sustainably. By incorporating AI-resistant assessment methods and integrating AI into the learning process responsibly, educators can enhance student learning while preserving the integrity and value of higher education. As we navigate this evolving landscape, it is crucial to engage in ongoing dialogue and adapt our strategies to ensure that the use of AI in education aligns with our core educational values and goals.

Weekly Science Selections: AI-driven Innovation & NeuroentrepreneurshipWeekly Science Selections

Every week, this section contains newly published scientific articles in the field of innovation & entrepreneurship. This section contains the #EditorsChoice and a list of articles grouped into #MustReads, #ShouldReads and #CouldReads. Subscribe to our newsletter to receive these in your inbox.

Permutated feature importance for the top 20 predictors (Heideman et al, 2024)
  • #MustReadComplex Problem Solving as a Source of Competitive Advantage (Veríssimo et al, 2024): The study emphasizes the increasing importance of problem-solving skills in today’s complex business environment. Solving complex problems is identified as a crucial skill that can enhance organizational success and competitiveness. Understanding the value of problem-solving and incorporating it into organizational strategy is essential for achieving sustainable competitive advantage in today’s dynamic business landscape.
  • #MustReadHeterogeneous university funding programs and regional firm innovation: An empirical analysis of the German Excellence Initiative (Krieger, 2024) In a revealing study, researchers unveil the hidden power of university funding in driving regional innovation. Their findings reveal that targeted investment in Excellence Clusters turbocharges firms’ ability to innovate, particularly in regions with a robust cluster presence. However, the impact of Graduate Schools or University Strategies remains underwhelming. This discovery underscores the pivotal role of strategic funding in shaping the innovation landscape, sparking vital discussions on optimizing investment strategies to supercharge regional growth.
Geographical distribution Excellence Cluster funding across regions. (Krieger, 2024)
  • #MustReadNeuroentrepreneurship: state of the art and future lines of work (Juarez-Varón, Zuluaga & Recuerda, 2024) Neuroentrepreneurship, a field at the intersection of neuroscience and entrepreneurship, has gained traction since 2009, illuminating how brain function influences business decisions. Despite a growing body of literature, a unified understanding of the field remains elusive. This paper addresses this gap by examining key themes in neuroentrepreneurship literature and refining definitions to provide clarity. Understanding the neural mechanisms behind entrepreneurial behavior offers practical insights for decision-making and opportunity recognition. By leveraging biometric techniques like EEG and GSR, entrepreneurs can gain a deeper understanding of risk perception and response. This review not only consolidates existing knowledge but also provides a framework for future research and practical applications in enhancing entrepreneurial decision-making processes.
  • #ShouldReadMiddle Managers’ Relational Dynamics in the Context of Acquisitions: Balancing Strategic Interdependence and Organizational Autonomy (Birollo, Rouleau & Wolf, 2024): Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) pose a challenge in balancing the need for strategic interdependence with the preservation of organizational autonomy. Middle managers (MMs) are identified as key players in this balancing act. Intersubjectivity refers to the mutual understanding and shared meaning that arises between individuals through interaction, enabling effective communication and collaboration. In mergers, intersubjectivity is crucial as it facilitates middle managers’ ability to navigate complex integration tasks by considering the perspectives and goals of both acquiring and acquired organizations, fostering smoother transitions and alignment of objectives. Similarly, in innovation, intersubjectivity fosters a collaborative environment where diverse perspectives and insights can converge, leading to the co-creation of novel solutions and the maximization of creative potential within teams and across organizational boundaries.Figure 2: A process model of actionable intersubjectivity as a crucial ability for balancing strategic interdependance and organizational autonomy (Birollo et al, 2024)
  • #ShouldReadAge and entrepreneurship: Mapping the scientific coverage and future research directions (Syed et al, 2024) Research interest in understanding the relationship between age and entrepreneurship has surged in recent years, driven by the recognition of age as a significant factor influencing entrepreneurial behavior and career decisions. Various studies have explored the motivational factors shaping self-employment decisions, revealing age’s nuanced impact on entrepreneurial intentions and actions. While younger individuals may exhibit greater enthusiasm for entrepreneurship due to their ambitious nature and future income potential, older individuals leverage their extensive experience and social capital to navigate entrepreneurial ventures successfully. However, age-related preferences, influenced by factors such as cultural views and opportunity costs, also play a role in shaping entrepreneurial pursuits.
  • #ShouldReadThe Double-Edged Sword of Exemplar Similarity (Majzoubi et al, 2024) Ever wondered how your firm’s image relative to industry leaders affects investor perception? New research spills the beans! Aligning with category exemplars boosts your firm’s visibility and initial screening success. But beware: it also triggers comparisons that might not always work in your favor. The key? Understanding your industry’s landscape and positioning strategically. Dive into the study for practical insights to finesse your firm’s approach and ace those investor evaluations!
  • #CouldReadEvaluating the impact of individual and country-level institutional factors on subjective well-being among entrepreneurs (Gashi et al, 2024): This study explores the relationship between subjective well-being (SWB) and entrepreneurship. Stimuli of well-being are: fostering political stability, reducing bureaucratic hurdles, and promoting economic prosperity to support entrepreneurial ventures and enhance overall satisfaction. The study also offers practical suggestions for entrepreneurs to improve their well-being, such as self-care, meaningful engagement, building strong support networks, prioritizing health, and finding purpose in their work.
  • #CouldRead: Financial stress and quit intention: the mediating role of entrepreneurs’ affective commitment (Kleine, Schmitt & Wisse, 2024) This paper delves into how financial stress impacts entrepreneurs’ desire to quit their businesses, focusing on the emotional connection entrepreneurs have with their ventures. The findings suggest that when entrepreneurs face financial stress, they’re more likely to consider quitting, especially when their emotional attachment to the business decreases. Essentially, the stronger the emotional bond with their venture, the more likely they are to persist through tough times. These insights can guide consultants and decision-makers to support entrepreneurs effectively. For instance, if a business has potential, efforts to boost the entrepreneur’s emotional commitment could increase motivation to overcome challenges. Conversely, if closure seems inevitable, strategies to help entrepreneurs emotionally detach from the business may prevent further losses. Overall, understanding and addressing entrepreneurs’ emotional ties to their ventures can inform practical strategies to navigate financial difficulties and plan for the future effectively.
Unleashing Innovation: Strategic Simulation Games as a solution to the use of AI and ChatGPT in Business Education

Unleashing Innovation: Strategic Simulation Games as a solution to the use of AI and ChatGPT in Business Education

In the world of business education, the usage of AI and ChatGPT has severe impact. Not only does it open doors for new ways of learning, it also threatens traditional learning methods, activities and deliverables – and forces educators to update curricula in a fast pace. As became apparent over the last few years, strategic simulation games are immersive learning experiences that go hand-in-hand with the rise of the usage AI and ChatGPT in education. As a premium partner of Innovative Dutch, who is developing and running strategic simulation games in universities worldwide, we’ve experienced during the last year that there are many benefits arising from using strategic simulation games in education, knowing that students will move to AI to ask for help. Interested in learning more about the simulation games of Innovative Dutch? Check their website for the Innovation Management Game and the Business Model Game. Their games are played in over 25 countries by 10K+ students annually.

Here are nine advantages of leveraging strategic simulation games enhanced by AI in business education:

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Regenerative Innovation Process Through Systems Thinking [Infographic]

Regenerative Innovation Process Through Systems Thinking [Infographic]

About a month ago, Kasper Benjamin Reimer Bjørkskov, posted a message on LinkedIn that contained an impressive methodology to look at regenerative systems thinking. The idea sparked my mind and I gave it a lot of thinking during the last few weeks. And, although I explicitly do acknolwedge the strength and simplicity of the model that was proposed, I believe from a theoretical perspective, it could be improved a bit. Let me first paraphrase the initial post and infographic:

🌍 Regenerative System Thinking:
Bridging the Gap Between Intent and Action 🌱

While technology is a powerful tool in our fight against the climate crisis, it alone can’t drive the change we need. We’ve done well in raising awareness about sustainability, but there’s a gap between understanding and action. It’s time to bridge that gap! To truly combat the climate crisis, we must intertwine the realms of technology, humanities, and social sciences. After all, the root of the crisis lies in human behavior. Only by altering our behaviors can we hope to find a solution. 🔗 By merging the insights from social and natural sciences, we can ensure that knowledge isn’t just acquired but acted upon. The current system often makes the effort seem greater than the reward, creating an intention-action gap. But through systemic design, we can offer a holistic understanding of societal and ecological needs. To Translate complex, real world challenges into solutions that creates positive social and  environmental impact, for all, we need regenerative system thinking.

Regenerative System Thinking. 6-step approach to Regenerative System Thinking:

1️⃣ Empathize & Observe:
1A: Empathize: Engage deeply with people to understand their perspectives and identify the barriers they face.
1B: Observe: Delve into the system’s intricacies to comprehend its functioning and dynamics.

2️⃣ Define & Explain:
2ADefine: Pinpoint the specific challenges and problems faced by individuals.
2B:Explain: Grasp and articulate how the system operates, shedding light on the root causes of the problems.

3️⃣ Ideate: Brainstorm innovative solutions that cater to both human needs and the planet’s well-being.

4️⃣ Design: Craft comprehensive strategies and solutions that serve both humanity and our environment.

5️⃣ Prototype: Develop tangible prototypes to test and refine ideas. Remember, action often brings clarity and deeper understanding.

6️⃣ Evaluate: Rigorously assess the impact of the solutions on both the system and its people, ensuring alignment with our regenerative goals.
Together, let’s turn understanding into impactful action. 🌟🌍 #RegenerativeThinking#ClimateActionNow

https://www.linkedin.com/posts/kasper-benjamin-reimer-bj%C3%B8rkskov-660a4899_regenerativethinking-climateactionnow-activity-7117382272009269248-2JEU?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop

Turning a social model into a hybrid model

  1. My primary feedback pertains to the model’s reliance on a 2P basis, whereas the literature suggests that a 3P basis might lead to more effective outcomes. The Triple P framework is often referred to as People, Planet, Profit, though the latter may be replaced by Progress to encompass a broader perspective on social innovation. Please refer to sources such as Dwivedi & Weerawardena (2018), McMullen & Warnick (2016), Weerawardena et al. (2021), and Saebi et al. (2019).
  2. Another change in perspective is that systems thinking should not be limited to the Planet aspect of innovation. To exclude consideration of people and progress from systems thinking, in my opinion, would not constitute true systems thinking. I believe that the combination of these two (or three) processes could be referred to as systems thinking. You can find further insights in sources like Spender et al. (2017), Shepherd et al. (2015), and Rossignoli et al. (2018).
  3. Lastly, the iteration of processes outlined in the initial model does not align with existing literature and practical execution of innovation. You can reference works such as Crossan & Apaydin (2010), Barney & Felin (2013), Miron-Spektor et al. (2018), Bryan et al. (2021), Gans et al. (2019), and Landry et al. (2002) for a more accurate representation of how innovation is typically executed.

Therefore, I’ve designed a new infographic that more closely resembles regenerative innovation processes using systems thinking. In the dynamic landscape of innovation, the pursuit of regenerative progress stands for merging sustainability, profit, and human-centric principles into viable offerings. In this innovative model, three distinct but interwoven processes unfold in parallel, converging at Step 3 to craft a regenerative future that harmonizes the planet, progress, and people. This model encapsulates the essence of responsible leadership, ambidextrous leadership, and creative leadership, each playing a pivotal role in shaping regenerative innovation.

  1. Responsible Leadership (Planet) requires innovators to study the root causes of environmental and societal challenges, recognizing that regeneration begins with a deep understanding of the issues at hand. At Step 3A, leaders collaboratively formulate design principles that embrace ecological and ethical considerations, creating a blueprint for responsible strategy. This strategy, implemented with meticulous care, ensures that regenerative innovation is continually measured and monitored for its impact on the planet.
  2. Ambidextrous Leadership (Progress/Profit) unfurls a visionary path through diligent market research, seeking opportunities where profit can be harmonized with regenerative principles. At Step 3B, innovators craft bold ideas that resonate with the sustainable future they aspire to create. Within this collaboration, a multilayered business model emerges, serving as a robust platform for regenerative innovation. The model provides the necessary scaffolding to launch regenerative solutions into the market successfully.
  3. Creative Leadership (People) places the human element at the heart of regenerative innovation. By knowing their customers intimately, innovators ensure that solutions are not only ecologically sound but also responsive to the needs, desires, and values of the people they serve. At Step 3C, creative leaders join forces with their counterparts in Ambidextrous Leadership, forging smart solutions that prioritize the well-being of both the planet and humanity. They craft prototypes that are not only effective but also user-friendly, culminating in an evaluation process that centers on the customer experience.

This three-pronged approach to regenerative innovation redefines the boundaries of progress, profit, and sustainability. The magic lies in the convergence of these three leadership paradigms at Step 3, where ideas, strategies, and solutions synergize to create a regenerative force greater than the sum of its parts. Together, they pave the way for a future where responsible, ambidextrous, and creative leaders collaborate to shape a world that is not only profitable but also harmoniously interwoven with the planet and its people.

Avoid the Toxic Trap: the Toxic Matrix

Avoid the Toxic Trap: the Toxic Matrix

Innovation is the foundation of progress and success in business. A culture of innovation is essential for companies to thrive and stay competitive. One of the biggest challenges for companies is to ensure that the culture of innovation is not overshadowed by a culture of toxicity. There are a number of potential pitfalls that must be avoided in order to create an environment that encourages creativity and collaboration. This blog will discuss these issues, as well as strategies for avoiding the Toxic Trap.

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2 Decades of Open Innovation: an infographic

2 Decades of Open Innovation: an infographic

The rise of open innovation has been a long-standing trend in business. In the early 1990s, companies were starting to realize that they could improve their competitive edge by sharing their ideas and innovations with others. This led to the development of the concept of “open source” software, which allows for free exchange of information among developers. Open innovation is a term first coined by professor Henry Chesbrough in his 2003 book “Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology”. It describes the process of organizations leveraging external ideas and resources to drive innovation and growth. This can be done through things like open R&D, corporate venturing, collaborative research, etc.

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Infographic: Innovation Learning Arches

Infographic: Innovation Learning Arches

What if we look at innovation from the perspective of learning? In that case, the sole intention of innovation management is not systematically generating and implementing viable offerings, but optimizing the amount of learning that an organization can handle when dealing with processes of creativity. For the purpose of this infographic I’ve combined the theories on a) stage-gate processes in innovation and technology development, b) organization learning and absorptive capacity and c) learning arches as they are widely used on higher education.

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Inneagram: Stakeholder Collaboration in Innovation Ecosystems

Inneagram: Stakeholder Collaboration in Innovation Ecosystems

The story of this infographic began 16 years ago during a Summer School organized by the University of Cambridge. Not in the City of Perspiring Dreams itself, but on the mystical mountain Uludağ in Turkey, with 15 fellow students in a mountain hut more than 1 hour away from the nearest town with cellphone reception. On this mountain, led by Cambridge professor Jim Platts, we took an ESTIEM traineeship in transformative leadership. Without taking a deep dive into the material of the Summer School, one of the models that we started to work with was the Enneagram. Not only the power of the model itself, but also the history behind it, really intrigued me and so the story began.

Over the years, I’ve read much more about the Enneagram. Mostly used in (business) psychology, the framework is best described as an adaptive approach to recognize your own – and others’- behaviour in interactions with others. So it’s not, as many think, a framework for personality traits, like the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) or the Big-5 personality test. It perhaps holds the middle between these personality tests and the Rose of Leary, a theory of behavioral influence. The theory helps you to find your comfort-spot and from there on explains how your interactions with others happen and could be improved if you learn how to read it. It’s adaptable: it may change under different circumstances, under different preconditions and in different situations.

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Innovation for SDGs

Innovation for SDGs

After its introduction by the United Nations in 2015, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have started to become increasingly accepted and embraced by both the public sector and the private sector as the ‘horizon’ to focus on when it comes to this world’s grandest challenges. Over the years, public institutes have operationalized and committed themselves to the 17 SDGs – and its 169 measurable targets. In their ambition to be sustainable, large corporates have embedded the SDGs in their annual reporting cycles and have started to (incrementally) change their behaviour for the good.

It is widely accepted that innovation and entrepreneurship are in high need to address these challenges. Innovation and emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, will guide the way to a better world. It is therefore that SDGs have become a prior field of interest in science, both in social sciences as in more innovation-related sciences. We believe that developments in science – not in the last place sponsored by large corporates or subsidized by public institutes – will lead to future developments in the private sector. In that way – science will guide us towards are more sustainable world.

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A Visual History of Innovation Theory

A Visual History of Innovation Theory

The history of innovation theory is as rich as innovation itself. Greek philosophers like Plato and Aristotle already used the term καινοτομία coming from καινός (new) and τομ (radical craftsmanship): crafting in a radically new way. In modern theory, it was Schumpeter who popularized the term innovation in 1934 as part of his line of thinking about business cycles and creative destruction as the basis for (capitalistic) market economies. While he may have based his theory largely on 19th century and early 20th century economists, such as Tarde, Weber and Marx, his work was unique in the way that it combined all of these theories and that he described the important role of the ‘entrepreneur’ in innovation. Different scholars have later addressed the invention of the term ‘entrepreneur’ to Schumpeter.

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